Research Team 2
Senior Project
Articles
To get an accurate understanding about the state of Stop the Bleed programs nationwide, we searched for news articles and organization posts that speak of Stop the Bleed specifically. The logic behind this analytical method is that the more the program appears in various articles, the more relevant it is to the readers of those articles.
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The results showed that recent coverage of the program primarily exists within local papers and community blogs (CapeCodToday Staff, 2020; Flores, 2020, Daniel, 2020). This shows that although many people may know of the program due to the quantity of how many have been organized, they would not be familiar with it otherwise. Stop the Bleed currently lacks the national coverage it needs to continue to reach people on a mass scale. Many smaller pieces in local media do not compensate for the recognition that could be gained with fewer articles from larger news organizations, such as The Washington Post or The New York Times.
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This analysis shows the existing perspectives on Stop the Bleed. Some of the articles are centered on preparation for mass shooting situations (Stead Sellers, 2016; Hughes, 2016; Flores, 2020), but many actually approach the program as training for more everyday types of emergencies, such as car accidents, accidents at home, or workplace incidents (Werthmann, 2016; Daniel, 2020). It sets the foundation to move forward with the next steps of the project. Additionally, it helps to gauge the understanding and existing knowledge of the survey participants.
Media
Articles
Click here for a news story!
Click here to read about high school students learning about STOP the BLEED
Sources
-CapeCodToday Staff. (2020). Stop the Bleed training February and March 2020. Retrieved from http://capecodtoday.com/article/2020/01/30/251326-Stop-Bleed-Training-February-and-March-2020
-Flores, S.A. (2020). Stop the Bleed program offers potentially life-saving training, equipment. Needles Desert Star. Retrieved from http://www.mohavedailynews.com/needles_desert_star/stop-the-bleed-program-offers-potentially-life-saving-training-equipment/article_44f7a2be-4225-11ea-8434-d7731793f309.html
-Daniel, F. (2020). Teachers, coaches train to prevent fatal blood loss. Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved from https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/teachers-coaches-train-to-prevent-fatal-blood-loss/article_a7bf6bf2-edc9-547d-b4bc-a6befc30a770.html
-Hughes, T. (2016). Doctors urge Americans to learn tourniquet use. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/06/16/doctors-urge-americans-learn-tourniquet-use/86000754/
-Stead Sellers, F. (2016). From Columbine to Orlando, medics grapple with how best to stop the bleeding. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-most-urgent-medical-response-in-a-disaster-stop-the-bleeding/2016/06/20/7732bdf8-332f-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html
-Werthmann, K. (2016). ‘Stop The Bleed’ campaign could save lives. Retrieved from https://denver.cbslocal.com/2016/10/12/stop-the-bleed-campaign-could-save-lives/
Dhillon et al. (2019) conducted research on 336 participants in Stop the Bleed programs from May 2017 to January 2018. Participants received extended two-and-a-half hour courses and were given an immediate post-course evaluation on confidence level and their intentions to purchase a tourniquet and wound packing material. A follow up survey after one month measured whether participants followed through on intentions to purchase bleed control materials. Therefore, the study’s purpose was to measure the likelihood of participants to obtain materials necessary to implementing the training in actual casualty situations.
Scholarly
Articles
Results showed that immediately following the training, the majority of participants (74.7%) indicated intentions to purchase a tourniquet and 76.2% of participants indicated intentions to purchase wound packing materials. After one month, however, only 16.4% of participants indicating actually purchasing a tourniquet, which is significantly lower than the number of participants that initially intended to purchase one. The results of this study directly relate to a set of questions on our study. If there is a difference between the results of our study and this study on this finding, it may speak to differences in levels of concern between college students and the average individual who participates in a Stop the Bleed program. The study provides a point of comparison for validating our own results.
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Elkbuli et al. (2019) investigated the effectiveness of Stop the Bleed training on high school students in Florida. The purpose of this study was to measure the confidence, willingness to help, and knowledge of high school students, who were chosen for the study due to the number of school shooting in the United States. Study participants included 230 students, mostly under the age of 18. After the training, willingness, confidence, and knowledge levels all improved, with 99.1% of high school students reporting willingness to use a tourniquet in a mass casualty event.
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Elkbuli et al. (2019) is beneficial as it was the first, and possibly the only, study that specifically researched a young age group. High school students and college students in a freshman-level class are at a very similar age, especially when compared to demographics of other studies. Additionally, high school students and college students likely have similar views on risk of involvement in mass casualty events and the same level of experience with situations requiring bleed control. While the study did not measure psychological effects like ours will, it did measure the benefits of bleed control training on a very similar population.
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Pasley et al. (2018) measured the retention of bleed control training on 10 civilians, all outside of the medical field. The participants were given standard bleed control training, with a presentation and hands-on tourniquet and wound packing training. A month after the completion of the training, participants were evaluated on their tourniquet application, using a realistic mannequin to simulate a trauma. Participants were surveyed on their confidence levels at four points during the study: before and after the bleed control training and before and after the re-evaluation of skills. From the post-training survey to the pre-reevaluation survey, confidence levels decreased. Additionally, 6 of 10 participants were able to successfully apply tourniquets after 30 days.
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Pasley et al. (2018) directly aligns with aim 3 for our research, which is to examine the long-term effects of bleed control training, including retention of knowledge. The study found that 60% of participants were able to remember proper tourniquet application after 30 days, which establishes a point of comparison for our research. The limitation of this study is the sample size, which is significantly smaller than the sample for which our research is aiming. In this way, our study will work to expand on the findings of this study.
Sources
-Dhillon, N.K., Dodd, B.A., Hotz, H., Patel, K.A., Linaval, N.T., Margulies, D.R., Ley, E.J., & Barmparas, G. (2019). What happens after a Stop the Bleed class? The contrast between theory and practice. Journal of Surgical Education, 76(2), 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.08.014
-Elkbuli, A., Dowd, B., Casin, A., Stotsenburg, M., Zitek, T., McKenney, M., & Boneva, D. (2019). Stop the bleed training outreach initiatives targeting high school students: It takes a community to save a life. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(10), 1985-1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.033
-Pasley, A. M., Parker, B. M., Levy, M.J., Christiani, A., Dubose, J., Brenner, M. L., & Pasley, J. D. (2018). Stop the Bleed: Does the training work one month out? The American Surgeon, 84(10), 1635-1638. Retrieved from https://proxy.lib.wayne.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2136864302?accountid=14925
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Review of Wayne
State's Emergency Plan
Click here for WSU's safety resources
To prepare for the event of a mass shooting or active attackers on campus, the WSU Police cover the standard procedures under the campus resources and offer an active attacker preparedness training program. The program provides an opportunity to educate yourself on how to stay safe during the event of an active shooter on campus. The training incorporates emergency preparedness videos, Q&A sessions with WSU Police officers, and expert advice. What to do when law enforcement arrives at the scene is also covered through this training. The WSU Police Department provides an informative video on the school website that covers everything a student needs to know in the event of an active shooter along with two other preventative resources:
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Run! Hide! Fight! Video: https://youtu.be/6qeohOCMUTo
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SEAL Steps to Surviving an Active Shooter: https://police.wayne.edu/pdf/seal-steps-to-surviving-an-active-shooter-cade-courtley.pdf
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10 Tips for Surviving a Terrorist Vehicle Attack: https://police.wayne.edu/pdf/10-tips-for-surviving-a-terrorist-vehicle-attac-greg-ellifritz.pdf
During our overall analysis of Wayne States emergency preparedness, we found that it heavily relies on having students depend on the WSU Police Department's ability to do their job. In the event of an active shooter, all students, faculty, and staff will be notified and told to evacuate the premises or get somewhere safe over a text message sent out by the WSU Police Department. The police can be informed by a witness student’s emergency phone call. It takes an average of about 90 seconds for the WSU police to arrive at the scene. During this waiting period, students are expected to run, hide, or as a last resort, fight. The video covers these steps in detail and uses actors to reenact the scenario. The video also explains how students should put their hands up when exiting a building to avoid police officers misreading their target.
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When evaluating Wayne State's current emergency plan, we discovered some issues we found within their process. The school's safety information was not as easy to find as it should be, although the website has a whole section dedicated to campus safety, the tab is not shown on the home page, nor does it come up when we search a simple term such as “safety” in the website search bar. To find all the necessary information for this review we had to do an extended search in Google, this is concerning because the schools’ important safety information that could potentially save lives is not reaching students unless they really look. Another issue we had was with the student checklist, many of the links for the helpful resources provided at the bottom of the list did not work, therefore the links served no purpose being given through the website. The site also mentions available WSUPD training but never specifies dates, times, or explains how to sign up. However, we thought the active shooter video provided was well done and demonstrated the school's plan of action in an understandable way. The only problem with the process in the video was that the text message alert will only get distributed around campus if a witness gets away fast enough and makes the emergency call to the police. After reading through Wayne State's safety procedures, we do see a need for a program like ‘Stop the Bleed’ because the idea that students’ might need to know how to assist paramedics during a mass casualty incident appears nowhere on the website and is never mentioned or brought to attention.